The cost is about twice that of fiberglass insulation, Cloarec said: $1.80 per square foot for 3 1/2-inch panels, $2.40 for 5 1/2-inch panels, and $3 for the 8-inch material (all prices are in Canadian dollars and do not include shipping). Hemp insulation has many advantages, Cloarec said. If it gets wet, it can be removed …XPS would be possible, but worse from a global warming impact perspective, would cost much more, and would be harder to get in custom shapes. EPS can be directly molded into a wedge, whereas XPS comes out of the machine as a slab and would need to be cut to make a wedge. In that example it had concrete poured on top.Conditions would be similar to those of Virginia, not especially harsh. But what Matsuzawa is learning about local building practices is giving him pause for thought. “Here is an overview of what I have learned of walls in Japan,” Matsuzawa writes in a Q&A post at GreenBuildingAdvisor. “The standard Japanese 2×4 wall from outside to ...$149.95/year Annual membership. 10-Day Free Trial - Cancel Any Time. Membership renews automatically . Get all this and more: EXPERT ADVICE - Videos and presentations on current issues and key techniques from top building scientists.; IN-DEPTH ARTICLES - Essential reading from the Green Building Encyclopedia, Fine Homebuilding, and our …From an environmental standpoint, masonry heaters burn fuel very rapidly at a high temperature. This results in very complete combustion with little pollution generated. Except when first starting the fire, there should be no visible smoke. From a performance and comfort standpoint, masonry heaters take a long time to heat up, but they then ...A typical two-stage condensing gas furnace has a turn-down ratio of less than 2:1. With most of these furnaces, the low-fire output is still 60% or more of the high-fire output. When a furnace with a low-fire rating of 60% is oversized by a factor of 1.7, you could cover 99% of the building’s heating needs at low fire.This article is designed to help contractors and homeowners think about the most efficient ways to create comfortable, long-lasting basement floors while avoiding some common problems. It also explores different flooring products and subfloor methods. While the focus is basements, many of these tips and …Green Building Advisor is a source for builders, remodelers, architects and homeowners who want to learn about green building, products and details. Join the community of … The complete source for building, designing, and remodeling green homes. Try for Free. Green Basics Green Building Advisor’s Encyclopedia of Articles and Videos The code recommendations for 2×6 walls assume (in Climate Zone 6) that any exterior rigid foam has a minimum R-value of R-11.25 — your polyiso will perform at R-9 or R-10 in cold weather, so it’s not quite thick enough — and fluffy insulation between the studs rated at R-19 or R-20. Green building is about process first, products second. But the process of building involves myriad products and materials. Green choices offer ways to improve indoor air quality, water and energy efficiency, durability, and comfort. Paints and finishes on floors, walls, cabinets, and ceilings should be low in VOCs. The authors report that 10% of the residential heat pumps they surveyed had detectable leaks and that 3.8% of the total refrigerant charge was lost annually. Catastrophic leaks, in which systems lost 50% or more of their initial charge, were responsible for the vast majority—about 92%—of refrigerant losses. Heat pumps, properly installed ...Introducing the 120-volt Plug-in Heat Pump Water Heater. Geothermal heat pumps have a reputation for being efficient and “green”; is it deserved? In contrast, feedback from owner experience, and substantiated by discussion on industry boards and forums, paints a less flattering picture of the realities of geothermal.Aug 6, 2021 · First, some definitions. There are at least four kinds of slab foundations: A thickened-edge slab, also known as a monolithic slab, integrates the footing and the slab in a way that allows all of the concrete to be placed at the same time. The perimeter footing of a thickened-edge slab isn’t very deep. [Image credit: Martin Holladay] Rigid foam insulation is routinely used in high-performance buildings, but it also seems to attract carpenter ants. By Scott Gibson | March 28, 2016. Ants seem to like rigid foam, as this perforated sheet of insulation seems to show. Builders have tried a number of preventive measures to keep insects at bay, but some …Payback Calculations for Energy-Efficiency Improvements - GreenBuildingAdvisor. Musings of an Energy Nerd. By Martin Holladay | December 23, 2011. If you are considering investing in an energy-efficiency improvement for your home — for example, additional attic insulation or a photovoltaic system — …All heat pumps work on the same principle, moving heat from one location to another with the help of a closed refrigerant loop, a compressor, and a heat exchanger. In winter, heat is extracted from air, water, or the earth; this heat is used to heat the house. In summer, the process can be reversed so the heat pump pulls heat from the inside and …BuildingGreen is the essential source where trusted insight resides, knowledge is shared, unparalleled education takes place, and thought leaders interact in transforming the sustainable building movement.GreenBuildingAdvisor. @GreenBuildingAdvisor 2.94K subscribers 62 videos. More about this channel. greenbuildingadvisor.com. Home. Videos. Playlists. Community. Channels. …That will deflect water away from accumulating in the window wells. Secure them down so they don't blow away (e.g., with tent stakes). 5. Remember the importance of grading. Slope away from the foundation in all directions to avoid water pooling at the foundation perimeter. Check during intense or long rainy periods. The complete source for building, designing, and remodeling green homes. Try for Free. Green Basics Green Building Advisor’s Encyclopedia of Articles and Videos The building will be a large shop/residence in Zone 6 - stick built (2” x 6”s), 30’ x 80’ with 12’ walls, slab on grade. Roof system will be 30’ wide-spread trusses, ~8’ high on 2’ centers (snow loads 100lbs and wind 115 mph gusts) with 7.25” high energy heals and a 12’ “box” space for storage running the length of the roof space between the webs.This U.S. map shows which counties have been assigned to a different climate zone for purposes of building and energy codes. Counties marked in red are now in warmer climate zones with less stringent energy requirements. Counties marked in green have shifted to colder climate zones. Map courtesy Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.We are green building advisors, providing intelligent project management solutions in Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Washington DC, and Virginia Ecologic LLC 410-472-1155Installing the water heater. Installation of a heat-pump water heater is basic plumbing, electrical, and HVAC all in one. The first step is to run the water lines. Way back when I ran the PEX for the water supply lines in the house, I had run a line from the main supply, formed it into a loop in the utility room, and then into a …Oct 1, 2008 · GreenBuildingAdvisor.com offers comprehensive and reliable information on designing, building, and remodeling energy-efficient, sustainable, and healthy homes. Learn from leading green experts, access hundreds of construction drawings and product reviews, and join the community of green builders and homeowners. Response to Martin Holladay, GBA Advisor Martin, Thanks for the response, I attached a couple of pictures of my knee wall, it is big enough to get behind. ... Unfortunately, I am in a location with very few resources when it comes to green building or renovating. I hope you can offer advice about my unconditioned attic. Basics: 80-year-old ...Moisture Management: Pretty Good Building Envelopes. The fundamentals of the Pretty Good House approach to handling water to protect a building from foundation to roof to ensure longevity. BS* + Beer.Subscription to GBA Prime - Green Building Advisor ... Loading... ...However, these vacuum insulation panels (sometimes called VIPs) could make a great deal of sense in certain value-added products like refrigerators, freezers, water heaters, and entry doors. Whirlpool actually used a VIP that Owens Corning produced for a while (the Aura panel) in a high-efficiency refrigerator in …Whoever lives in the house is going to be stuck with the insulation decision for a long time. The choices aren’t unlimited, but it may seem that way. In addition to ever-popular fiberglass batts, there’s blown-in fiberglass, cellulose, spray polyurethane foam, rigid foam, fiberboard, and mineral wool. Most of those come in more than one ...Corbett Lunsford just released a video on his Youtube channel called "The Science of Sick Building Syndrome and Environmental Sensitivity" and in it they discussed the fact that when Pex is tested in a lab the scientists were told that the tubing had to be regularly flushed out with fresh water for 14 days in order for …Installing Rigid Foam Above Roof Sheathing - GreenBuildingAdvisor. Musings of an Energy Nerd. By Martin Holladay | July 8, 2022. This approach can be used to create an unvented conditioned attic, allowing attic ducts to be installed inside a home’s thermal envelope. Many modern designs include cathedral ceilings, and cathedral ceilings need ...R: Anything to reduce vibrations transfer would be ideal based on what i understood from the calls I made. Q: it seems that to use the boost function, wiring is just armored conduit to a wall box, and then romex to the switch, which I assume is just a standard 120 v. 15-20 amp wall switch.This episode of the BS* + Beer show is a discussion of spray foam insulation —the different types, their properties, application strategies, and problematic aspects. For many high-performance-home builders, spray foam is a go-to solution due to its efficacy not only as a reliable thermal insulator but also as an air barrier, yet it comes with ...Insulate the hatch – Cut foam board to 1/2″ less than the size of the hatch on each side. Foil-faced polyiso is the greenest and best-performing of the rigid foam options. Apply a bead of foam-compatible …Building Science Fundamentals: Roof, Part 1: Ventilation By Dr. Joseph Lstiburek Dr. Joseph Lstiburek talks about the not-so-controversial ways to maximize the efficiency and airflow of your roof and attic. Video Transcript: There’s been so much stuff said about roofs that you sometimes lose perspective. I’m going to start off by saying what …Jan 10, 2020 · Also known as band joists, rim joists are pieces of lumber—either sawn lumber or engineered lumber—that are installed vertically above the mudsill. On a new house, a typical rim joist might be a 2×10 or 2×12. Older houses have all kinds of different rim joists, including 2x6s, 2x8s, or even square timbers like 8x8s. ABOUT BASEMENTS # Invest in a waterproofing system Basement foundations should be insulated to minimize energy losses and should be protected from water infiltration. Even if a basement is not intended to be used as a finished space, it’s best to assume that it may be finished in the future. That’s why it’s a good investment to …Oct 1, 2008 · GreenBuildingAdvisor.com offers comprehensive and reliable information on designing, building, and remodeling energy-efficient, sustainable, and healthy homes. Learn from leading green experts, access hundreds of construction drawings and product reviews, and join the community of green builders and homeowners. Nov 20, 2023 · The SANCO2 split-system heat pump water heater offers benefits that include energy efficiency, low-GWP refrigerants, and the possibility in some situations to provide space heating. Over the last couple of years, there’s been a lot of buzz about the SANCO2, a newer type of air-source heat-pump water heater (HPWH) from ECO2 Systems. Feb 26, 2020 · This system not including wood burning stove will cost us around 25,000. 2) air to air heat pump (4 heads) propane boiler for radiant floors and hot water. We also will have 45 BTU wood burning stove- hearthstone. this system will cost us around $40,000 not incuding wood burning stove. Gregg is renovating his 50-year-old house in Wisconsin and trying to devise the best way of insulating exterior walls from the outside. The house was built conventionally, with 2x4 walls, fiberglass batt insulation, fiberboard sheathing, and hardboard siding. He plans to tear off both siding and sheathing and remove the batt insulation, then apply 3 in. …One answer from Philips, released this week, is an ultra-thin surface-mount LED fixture designed to look like a recessed can when viewed from below. Measuring only 5/8 inch deep, the SlimSurface LED can be mounted in a shallow electrical box (see Image #2, below). If the installer specifies an airtight box (or implements a few simple air ...Firsthand experience informs this basic plan for installing rigid insulation on the outside of an older building. A retrofitted wall assembly includes foam board insulation fastened to WRB-covered sheathing; furring strips for a vented rainscreen are fastened to the foam and receive the siding. When I purchased my small 1950s vintage Cape Cod ...Inspect the attic access carefully to find any air-leakage pathways that need to be sealed. For house plans, use the pen test. Make it easy for occupants to use, including returning it to the sealed position. Attics can be as cold as the outdoor air in winter and much hotter than outdoor air in summer.Learn about green building materials and techniques from these online resources. Find out how to achieve zero energy, health, and sustainability goals for your …Navigating the decision-making process to ensure the best performance of a home can be challenging. We need to balance allocation of resources between 1. load reduction—which primarily involves upgrading the thermal enclosure—2. conversion from fossil fuel–powered to electrically powered systems, and 3. implementation of renewable …So in a sense, all insulation materials have embodied global warming potential (GWP). Second, two of our common insulation materials are made with hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) blowing agents that are very potent greenhouse gases. Extruded polystyrene (XPS), best known by the brands Dow Styrofoam …Insulate the hatch – Cut foam board to 1/2″ less than the size of the hatch on each side. Foil-faced polyiso is the greenest and best-performing of the rigid foam options. Apply a bead of foam-compatible …This means that radiant heat can provide comfort at a lower air temperature than is required with forced-warm-air or baseboard hot water heat. You might be able to keep your thermostat lower — say 65 degrees—and be perfectly comfortable with radiant-floor heating, while 68 or even 70 degrees would be required with other systems.This system not including wood burning stove will cost us around 25,000. 2) air to air heat pump (4 heads) propane boiler for radiant floors and hot water. We also will have 45 BTU wood burning stove- hearthstone. this system will cost us around $40,000 not incuding wood burning stove.Insulate the hatch – Cut foam board to 1/2″ less than the size of the hatch on each side. Foil-faced polyiso is the greenest and best-performing of the rigid foam options. Apply a bead of foam-compatible …UPDATED on September 7, 2017 with a new postscript. In the fall of 2012, I tested the performance of 11 air-sealing tapes by attaching samples to six different substrates mounted on the exterior wall of my woodshed. A month later, I tried to remove the tape samples to determine which tapes were most tenacious. I reported my findings in …May 4, 2022 · The lower the number, the better a product is at keeping heat in. Range: 0.1–1. Look for: Low numbers; best ≤0.30. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient measures the amount of solar radiation admitted through a window unit—either transmitted directly and/or absorbed. Lower numbers mean you’ll spend less on cooling your house. Vented attics are the least expensive way to insulate the top of the house. 2. All exterior insulation on the roof or some on top with fibrous insulation beneath. Second on Kohta’s …Originally developed by Skanska and C Change Labs, EC3 was incubated by the Carbon Leadership Forum and nearly 50 industry partners until its public launch at Greenbuild 2019, at which time the nonprofit Building Transparency was founded to house EC3. Its mission is to provide open-access data on …Gregg is renovating his 50-year-old house in Wisconsin and trying to devise the best way of insulating exterior walls from the outside. The house was built conventionally, with 2x4 walls, fiberglass batt insulation, fiberboard sheathing, and hardboard siding. He plans to tear off both siding and sheathing and remove the batt insulation, then apply 3 in. …UGREEN is a company that provides green building advisory services to help organizations design, build, and operate sustainable projects. Learn how they can …However, these vacuum insulation panels (sometimes called VIPs) could make a great deal of sense in certain value-added products like refrigerators, freezers, water heaters, and entry doors. Whirlpool actually used a VIP that Owens Corning produced for a while (the Aura panel) in a high-efficiency refrigerator in …Place 1 to 2 in. of rigid foam insulation on the slab and float the subflooring above. Float two layers of min. 1/2 in. insulation above the foam, staggering all joints. Secure the top layer of plywood to the lower layer with nails or screws. If there is no vapor barrier below the slab, or you’re not sure, it’s best to …The embodied carbon associated with a building refers to the greenhouse gases emitted during the manufacturing of products and materials used to construct it. These emissions differ from those generated during the building’s operations i.e., operational emissions. As our buildings become more energy efficient, the portion of …2. vinyl siding comes down to about 8-12” from the top of finished grade. 3. the sill looks to be in decent shape but it not airtight on the foundation. 4. the exterior foundation face is a mix of rubble stone, faced with some stucco. Lots of stucco has broken and crumbling, as is some of the rubble. 5.When it comes to constructing and fitting out buildings, our focus is—or at least should be—on the holistic impacts of each decision we make. The best stewards …When it comes to constructing and fitting out buildings, our focus is—or at least should be—on the holistic impacts of each decision we make. The best stewards …Green Building Advisor is a source for builders, remodelers, architects and homeowners who want to learn about green building, products and details. Join the community of …Green Building Advisor. Blogs. Musings of an Energy Nerd; Product Guide; Q&A Spotlight; Building Science; Green Building News; BS* + Beer; Energy-Smart Details ... expect to pay between $1.10 and $1.20 a square foot. More information here: New Green Building Products — September 2010. GBA Editor Martin Holladay | Mar 04, 2013 …Jul 8, 2022 · Installing Rigid Foam Above Roof Sheathing - GreenBuildingAdvisor. Musings of an Energy Nerd. By Martin Holladay | July 8, 2022. This approach can be used to create an unvented conditioned attic, allowing attic ducts to be installed inside a home’s thermal envelope. Many modern designs include cathedral ceilings, and cathedral ceilings need ... This episode of the BS* + Beer show is a discussion of spray foam insulation —the different types, their properties, application strategies, and problematic aspects. For many high-performance-home builders, spray foam is a go-to solution due to its efficacy not only as a reliable thermal insulator but also as an air barrier, yet it comes with ...The Navien 240E’s minimum input at 95% efficiency is 17,000 BTU/hr. some 30% higher than the average seasonal load of 13,000 BTU/hr. so the boiler will rarely modulate. The minimum input into the 85 feet of fin-tube radiation is at the maximum 200 BTU/hr. (17,000/85) needed for condensing.Photo courtesy LP SmartSide. Writing in Fine Homebuilding magazine 22 years ago, Massachusetts builder Robert Weatherall described the pleasure of advancing from rough framing to running exterior trim. “It’s like decorating a cake or coloring in a picture,” he said. “After the rush of framing lumber and plywood, the trim is the welcome ...When I posted the lead photo on LinkedIn a few days ago, Houston home builder Dave Yelovich gave his solution for fixing the wall: High-density R-15 batt in the kneewall after sealing any gaps. Install OSB over it and run it 16 in. above the top plate to create insulation dams. Add some blown-in over the top.Place 1 to 2 in. of rigid foam insulation on the slab and float the subflooring above. Float two layers of min. 1/2 in. insulation above the foam, staggering all joints. Secure the top layer of plywood to the lower layer with nails or screws. If there is no vapor barrier below the slab, or you’re not sure, it’s best to …Fiberglass batts are often installed poorly, and everyone trained in building science knows this. There’s actually a standard for grading the installation quality of insulation. The two factors inspectors look at to assign a grade—1, 2, or 3—are: When you look at the photos above, there’s quite a bit of both.Five Cathedral Ceilings That Work. By Martin Holladay | December 11, 2020. A vented assembly with fiberglass or mineral wool insulation. This is the traditional way to insulate a cathedral ceiling. Note, however, that this approach requires deep rafters or scabbed-on 2x4s to add depth. The illustration shows an …This is the short answer as to why the new building codes are increasing requirements for continuous insulation. The 2012 IECC will require R-20 or R13+5 for Climate Zones 3, 4, and 5, and it requires R20+5 or R15+10 for Climate Zones 6, 7, and 8. [Editor’s note: In some climates, the “R20+5” approach is not …Directly under the snow, the top few inches of soil might be 15°F. Two feet lower, the soil temperature might be 32°F. At 5 feet below grade, the soil temperature might be 40°F. Under the basement slab, the soil temperature might be 50°F or 55°F. Now let's look at the foundation wall.The GBA said it fixed the issue two days ago, but with three and four year old questions poping-up, this may be a long deal, unless I block the GBA entirely. Maybe its time to go! I hope the new owners get a competent IT department before too long. You can direct emails from GBA to go to your spam folder.Corbett Lunsford just released a video on his Youtube channel called "The Science of Sick Building Syndrome and Environmental Sensitivity" and in it they discussed the fact that when Pex is tested in a lab the scientists were told that the tubing had to be regularly flushed out with fresh water for 14 days in order for …In conclusion, green building advisors specialize in helping organizations design, build, and operate sustainable projects. These advisors can provide a wide range of services, including sustainability assessments, energy audits, green building design and construction support, sustainability program development, and support for sustainability ...Vented attics are the least expensive way to insulate the top of the house. 2. All exterior insulation on the roof or some on top with fibrous insulation beneath. Second on Kohta’s list is putting all or some of the insulation on top of the roof. This keeps the roof sheathing protected from moisture damage because it stays warm.Gregg is renovating his 50-year-old house in Wisconsin and trying to devise the best way of insulating exterior walls from the outside. The house was built conventionally, with 2x4 walls, fiberglass batt insulation, fiberboard sheathing, and hardboard siding. He plans to tear off both siding and sheathing and remove the …Mar 25, 2016 · Maybe you are building a new home with an unconditioned vented attic. The house is framed, sheathed, and roofed. The drywall contractors have finished their work, so now you’re ready to insulate the attic floor. If you are an owner-builder, this may be the first time you’ve done this. So what do you need to know? During the design phase we read articles from Green Building Advisor and the Journal of Light Construction about energy-efficient building practices. We followed the local building code and hired an excellent general contractor. The topic of wintertime humidity never came up in relation to building …
The ratio rule tells you what percentage of the total R-value of insulation you need to put above the roof deck. The ratio rule applies to hybrid roof insulation with rigid insulation above the roof deck and air-permeable insulation below. Although the model code (2018 IRC) doesn’t call it out, you should use the rule for air …. Lbcc long beach
One answer from Philips, released this week, is an ultra-thin surface-mount LED fixture designed to look like a recessed can when viewed from below. Measuring only 5/8 inch deep, the SlimSurface LED can be mounted in a shallow electrical box (see Image #2, below). If the installer specifies an airtight box (or implements a few simple air ...Green Building Advisor. Blogs. Musings of an Energy Nerd; Product Guide; Q&A Spotlight; Building Science; Green Building News; BS* + Beer; Energy-Smart ... Become a GBA Prime member and get instant access to the latest developments in green building, research, and reports from the field. Start free trial. Related Questions. Certainteed …R: Anything to reduce vibrations transfer would be ideal based on what i understood from the calls I made. Q: it seems that to use the boost function, wiring is just armored conduit to a wall box, and then romex to the switch, which I assume is just a standard 120 v. 15-20 amp wall switch.Navigating the decision-making process to ensure the best performance of a home can be challenging. We need to balance allocation of resources between 1. load reduction—which primarily involves upgrading the thermal enclosure—2. conversion from fossil fuel–powered to electrically powered systems, and 3. implementation of renewable …Interior partition walls create one of the trickiest transition points when installing an interior air barrier. As seen here, the wall breaks the continuity of the air control layer at the ceiling. This needs to reconciled and sealed. I’m from Minnesota, one of the few areas in the lower 48 that still regularly uses polyethylene sheeting as a ...Installing the water heater. Installation of a heat-pump water heater is basic plumbing, electrical, and HVAC all in one. The first step is to run the water lines. Way back when I ran the PEX for the water supply lines in the house, I had run a line from the main supply, formed it into a loop in the utility room, and then into a …“The building industry certainly needs to step up,” Colker says. “There are opportunities to drive standards, but that requires engagement of the broader industry.” _____ Justin R. Wolf is a Maine-based writer who …Also known as band joists, rim joists are pieces of lumber—either sawn lumber or engineered lumber—that are installed vertically above the mudsill. On a new house, a typical rim joist might be a 2×10 or 2×12. Older houses have all kinds of different rim joists, including 2x6s, 2x8s, or even square timbers like 8x8s.The result came in at 6650 cubic feet per minute (cfm) with the pressure difference between the house and outdoors at -50 Pascals (cfm50), which translates to 11.3 air changes per hour at 50 Pascals (ACH50). The encapsulated attic was almost equally connected to the living space and the outdoors. 2019 – Woodman Insulation came in and …A typical two-stage condensing gas furnace has a turn-down ratio of less than 2:1. With most of these furnaces, the low-fire output is still 60% or more of the high-fire output. When a furnace with a low-fire rating of 60% is oversized by a factor of 1.7, you could cover 99% of the building’s heating needs at low fire.The amount of insulation installed in any given building assembly depends on the climate, the part of the house being insulated, the project budget, and local code requirements. Batts and blankets: R-3.1 to R-4.1 per in. Blown-in and loose-fill insulation: R-2.6 to R-4.2 per in. Rigid foam: R-3.6 to R-6.8 per in.The first time I detailed a “ slabless slab ” was in 2013. I was working with homeowners who disliked the look and feel of concrete and wanted to install elm flooring they had salvaged. The design plans called for a robust insulation and air-sealing package, which meant an expensive building envelope. To reduce costs—and the overall ...A second type of heat pump is the ground-source heat pump (GSHP). During the summer, this type of heat pump transfers heat from indoor air to the soil around your house. In some cases, it may transfer heat from indoor air to the water in a drilled will, or to a nearby lake or pond. During the winter, a GSHP collects heat …This is the short answer as to why the new building codes are increasing requirements for continuous insulation. The 2012 IECC will require R-20 or R13+5 for Climate Zones 3, 4, and 5, and it requires R20+5 or R15+10 for Climate Zones 6, 7, and 8. [Editor’s note: In some climates, the “R20+5” approach is not …This article is designed to help contractors and homeowners think about the most efficient ways to create comfortable, long-lasting basement floors while avoiding some common problems. It also explores different flooring products and subfloor methods. While the focus is basements, many of these tips and ….